MethodsĮLISA, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy were employed to characterize the NS–cytokine interaction in vitro. We also investigated whether NS could rescue gut microbial diversity in TNBS-induced mice. Herein, we report the ability of a refined dioctahedral smectite (NovaSil, NS) to sorb inflammatory proteins and reduce inflammation in a TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid) mouse model of CD. Dioctahedral smectite clays have been utilized to treat medical conditions, including diarrheal and enteric disease. Consequently, alternative therapies that cause fewer systemic effects are needed. Available treatments frequently result in side effects that compromise the immune health of the patient. There is a little low angle background as expected for this set of apertures, but no presence of crystalline peaks through the region scanned.Five million people currently live with Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis, the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease. The graph shows the background from ZBH #2 using a 1° divergence aperture (with no divergence Søller slit) and a 0.15° receiving aperture with the diffracted beam monochromator. Also, nanoparticle materials can collect in the polishing marks on the ZBH surface resulting in a change in the ZBH background. If the ZBH is scratched or marred, then there will no longer be zero diffraction background as diffraction peaks will arise from defects in the quartz. The ZBH is prone to certain types of damage.

It shows the general region exposed to X-rays in the most common usage: a 1° divergence aperture with 2θ > 5°. The dark region is where dislocations have been produced in the quartz by the X-rays. The ZBH crystal is mounted in an aluminum frame. The only background produced by the ZBH is that due to the choice of the divergence aperture. For example, a metallic sample holder would produce diffraction peaks from the polycrystalline metal, and a glass slide would produce an amorphous background. It consists of a single crystal of quartz that is cut and polished in an orientation such that it produces no diffraction peaks. This image shows a zero background holder (ZBH).

Zero background holder xrd